Selection of a partner

The selection of a marriage partner may involve either the couple going through a selection process of courtship or the marriage may be arranged by the couples' parents or an outside party.
Typically an arranged marriage will be finalized only with the approval of the couple[citation needed], though parents sometimes enforce arranged marriages on their children because of cultural tradition or for some other special reason (e.g., dowry).[citation needed] Sometimes a person seeking marriage is comfortable with having his or her marriage arranged and, even disregarding parental preference, would freely choose an arranged marriage.[citation needed] Forced marriage is common in only a few communities and often attracts harsh criticism even from people who are generally in favor of arranged marriage.[citation needed]

A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional matchmaker to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.
In some cases, the authority figure may choose a match for purposes other than marital harmony. Some of the most popular uses of arranged marriage are for dowry or immigration.
Arranged marriages are still common in some countries, such as India, but are now rare in Western countries.[citation needed] In rural Indian villages, child marriage is also practiced, with parents at times arranging the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born. This practice is now illegal under the Child Marriage Restraint Act. In urban India, people use thriving institutions known as Marriage Bureaus or Matrimonials Sites, where potential partners register.[citation needed]

A related form of pragmatic marriage, sometimes called a marriage of convenience, involves attempts to circumvent immigration laws. According to one publisher of information about "green card" marriages, "Every year over 450,000 United States citizens marry foreign-born individuals and petition for them to obtain a permanent residency (Green Card) in the United States." While this is likely an over-estimate, in 2003 alone 184,741 immigrants were admitted to the U.S. as spouses of U.S. citizens.